rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

He was instructed in religion by Richard Cox (c. 15001592), later the bishop of Ely. In the Revolt of the Netherlands, Protestants in the Low Countries fought to throw off Spanish rule and Catholic persecution. put an end to the bloody French Revolution. ceremony. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. 2. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. For instance, Philip argued that he, as king, should be able to appoint bishops (officials who head church districts) and make governmental decisions without the consent of the pope. Christians were becoming impatient because only a few Moriscos had actually converted. Diverse people lived within the territories. The Reformation had begun thirteen years earlier, just before Charles became king of Spain. King John I (c. 13571433; ruled 13851433) was the founder of the powerful Aviz dynasty. The noblemen of Castile opposed the marriage because they knew a strong monarchy would His discovery made possible two other historic events: the conquest and colonization of the American continents and the circumnavigation of (completely go around) the globe. legitimized the. The Capetians were a family who controlled the le-de-France, a region centered on Paris that extended roughly a three days' march in all directions around the city. Joan stood near Charles VII as he was crowned king at Rheims, France, in 1429. Doria was a soldier-for-hire who hailed from Genoa but, in 1527, held the post of commander of French naval forces. Once the thriving center of sea trade on the Iberian Peninsula, Catalonia and its capital city Barcelona had been declining since the middle of the fifteenth century. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. The Netherlands had always been the Spanish territory closest to Charles's heart, and many noblemen wept during his speech. Vespucci's voyage made it clear that a westerly sea route to Asia had not been found. 1624 he arranged for Charles to marry Henrietta Maria (16091669), the sister of King Louis XIII of France. Once within range of the Armada, the English ships were able to fire their weapons at the Spanish vessels from a relatively safe distance. One of his first acts was to execute 270 people who had been involved in the Comuneros revolt. In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella became leaders in the European Francia. Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? The French effort collapsed in 1528. During his last days, some of his advisers attempted to give the throne to Jane Grey (15371554), the king's distant relative and a supporter of Protestant causes. James again tried to remain free of the war by arranging an alliance with a Catholic country. Although England was smaller than France, it was able to gather a large army. In Rise of Kingdoms, Lyceum of Wisdom is the place where you can come and answer a lot of trivia quizzes regarding the game itself and the world history in general and earn a lot of valuable rewards. Their philosophy made the cities of Toledo, Crdoba, and Granada important centers of learning. He also increased his power in Languedoc and Toulouse in the south. Territory that is now France was invaded by tribes from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden). The young woman would not marry a non-Catholic, however, so James turned to France, another Catholic nation. Cao Cao Charles then turned toward Italy, landed in Sicily in August, and advanced with ease toward the Alps. Nevertheless, the emperor was still the most powerful political figure in the Christian world. Half of the Armada was lost and so was Philip's dream of making England into a Catholic province. Alba's repression continued unchecked, but by 1573 Philip had seen enough. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Lusitanians were successively overrun by Celts, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors (711). Practicing Jews were segregated and forced to wear an identifying badge. Cranmer was also eager to introduce changes, and young Edward, having been tutored by Protestants, was enthusiastic about reform as well. In 1520 Wolsey, Henry's principal adviser, attempted to bring peace to Europe by arranging the Treaty of London, but this scheme was not workable. In 1337 Edward claimed the right to the throne through his mother's lineignoring the Salic Lawand named himself king of France. In 1585, Alessandro Farnese (15451592), the duke of Parma, surpassed the military skill of even the bloody Alba when he captured the great walled town of Antwerp (a city in present-day Belgium). Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding Other than that, if you value combat above all else, the German, Britain, Korea and Arabia civilizations are the ones for you. Shortly after becoming king, Henry enacted a pro-Spanish and anti-French policy. As he rode from Edinburgh to London in 1603, shortly after becoming king, he was met by a group of Puritans (members of the Anglican Church who advocated strict reforms). Both Somerset and Warwick approved of further reform in the church. Here Puritan Originally employed as a designer of costumes and stage sets, Jones was commissioned by James to erect a new Banqueting House in Whitehall. For the next eight years Charles increased his power and expanded Habsburg territory. Feudalism began to decline in the eleventh century with the rise of capitalism, an economy based on investing money and earning profits from business ventures. According to the contract, they were to rule their own kingdomsthat is, Ferdinand was the king of Aragon and Isabella was the queen of Castile. Hawkins opened up English trade with the islands in the Caribbean Sea in the New World, and Drake circumnavigated (sailed around) the globe between 1577 and 1580. Although Francis had sided with Protestants against his great rival Charles V, he turned against the Waldensians, a group of Protestants in his own country. Many of the natives near these garrisons were forced to convert to Christianity. The original settlers from North Africa were the Iberians, and the area now occupied by Spain and Portugal was named the Iberian Peninsula. Henry was having a secret affair with Boleyn, and he hoped she might bear him a son. When the popes would not give in to Philip's demands he resolved the situation by having his agents arrest Pope Boniface VIII (c.12351303; reigned 12941303). Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. Monarchs (kings and queen with supreme rule) in France, England, and Spain responded to the chaotic situation in Europe by consolidating their power. This method of punishment, which was introduced by the Inquisition (an official Catholic Church court charged with finding heretics) supposedly drove evil spirits out of the sinners (see "Inquisition" in Chapters 1 and 7). Add Me. successor to the throne. To take on his duties as emperor Charles had to move to Aachen, Germany. The Spanish king, Ferdinand II of Aragon, had conquered and an nexed the small kingdom of Navarre, situated between France and Spain on the Bay of Biscay (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). the emperor's wishes. Philip immediately began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England. From the beginning of all human society in Mesopotamia 4,000 years ago, to the end of the British Empire in the mid-20th century, kings and queens controlled the most powerful countries on the globe. Although the English maintained control of Calais until 1558, they were never again a serious threat to French sovereignty, or independent rule. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. Philip's only son, Carlos, was exhibiting bouts of severe mental instability. They were well-known as capable warriors but had political aspirations beyond their simple desire for conquest. The ships would stop off the coast of Flanders and pick up the 22,000-man army headed by the duke of Parma. Moorish farming techniques brought the dry land to life. Religious fanaticism soon intensified. The court burned hundreds of Huguenots (French Protestants) at the stake. Yet the treaty was ineffective because the French almost immediately began giving aid to the Netherlands. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. Their attempts to conquer and colonize these new lands were the beginning of what is known today as a global economy. In August, sailing against strong winds, the Armada began moving up the English Channel toward Flanders. Tensions between Spain and the Ottomans had reached a peak in the mid-1500s. He won a decisive victory at Agincourt (now Azincourt), a village in northern France, and instantly became a hero in England. The marriage contract stated that Ferdinand and Isabella would rule their own kingdoms and that Aragon and Castile were not to be merged. He disliked having Philip, a foreign prince, on a Spanish throne. Henry succeeded in restoring prosperity You have to answer the questions about Rise of kingdoms and world history, in return, you will earn Gems and some other small rewards. The Visigoths were a nomadic Germanic tribe which flourished in Europe during the time of the Romans. James could not prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain. Renaissance ideas had dominated his education. During the reign of Charles I, England was embroiled in a civil war between the Puritans and supporters of the monarchy. The emperor now controlled Rome and had power over the pope. In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). Shortly after the death of Henry V, Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261), who was Charles VI's son, slowly began to regain French territories from the English. Along the route, the Portuguese started trading posts and supply stations, often by fighting off natives who tried to repel the intruders. He explored the St. Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesbut his voyages never took him farther west than the site of modernday Montreal, Canada. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country Germany. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. By this time Elizabeth had prepared the English fleet and organized a dedicated but small land army. King John IV (16041656; ruled 164056), founder of the Bragana dynasty, then took the Portuguese throne. LifeAfter. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake (c. 15401596) launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. The revised Book of Common Prayer regarded communion as simply a reenactment of the Last Supper, the final meal that Christ shared with his disciples, or followers. To counter the Spanish offensive, Francis planned for Swiss troops in the employ of Clement VII and Venice to attack Spanish holdings on the Italian peninsula. In France, the Capetians (pronounced cuh-PEE-shuns) gained control of nearly all duchies (fiefs) by staging internal wars Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). He made similar alliances with Portugal. In Since the thirteenth century all Holy Roman Emperors had come from the house of Habsburg. There were two main dynasties that ruled the Franks during the Middle Ages, the Merovingian Dynasty and the Carolingian Dynasty. The French and Spanish monarchs T o F, the rise of the Ottoman Turks' empire between the thirteenth and fifteenth century and more. His childhood was remarkable because of his enlightened, humanist education. Questions 1 - 5 are on a 15 second timer, questions 6 - 10 are. Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. In pursuit of the second he led France, in 1635, into the Thirty Years' War (16181648), a series of conflicts fought mainly in Germany over many social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). For the rest of the century England and other Protestant states were involved in conflict with Spain and the papacy. This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). In these lands Europeans could find exotic merchandise and foods that had never been known in Europe. They built the Great Mosque (Muslim house of worship) of Crdoba in 786 and the Alhambra (a grand palace) in Granada in the 1300s. The Comuneros had formed the "Holy League of Cities" and were protesting the policies of Charles's government (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Meme Explained: This meme refers to the fact that by definition of Sun Tzu, a Chinese General, Strategist, Phillosopher and the author of the famous book, "the art of war", a kingdom once destroyed, cannot rise again to what it used to be. In 1577 Requesens was replaced by John of Austria. Nearly three months after the battle, Geoffrey Felton, secretary for Ireland, went walking on the coast of Sligo Bay. In the 1300s he had left a record of his journeys to the faraway lands of China (then called Cathay), India, and the Spice Islands. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. Capitalism brought about the rise of cities, which were built as hubs in a network of trade routes throughout Europe. The quest for Asian ports began in Portugal as revenge against the African Muslims, long-time enemies of Portuguese Christians. The meme disagrees with this statement and uses Israel as an example. Portugal was a rival of Spain during the age of exploration and discovery. Complete disaster awaited Francis at Pavia, a city near Milan, in February 1525. At the time Charles was preoccupied with campaigning for the position of emperor and with putting down the Comuneros revolt, so he dismissed Luther as an insignificant heretic. A year later, in October and November 1520, Magellan navigated the treacherous straits (now known as the Straits of Magellan) at the continent's cape and sailed across the Pacific, the world's largest ocean. In one year alone, Francis had spent 5.5 million livres (the French unit of currency at that time) on the war. Henry Tudor (14571509), earl of Richmond, became the champion of those who felt that Richard had wrongly taken the throne. In 1684, La Salle lay claim, on behalf of France, to the entire Mississippi River basin, from the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. The feudal system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. But in May 1527, Charles's soldiers made a massive assault on the city and caused extensive damage. Tensions began in 1455 when Richard, the duke of York, tried to overthrow the weak and mentally disturbed King Henry VI (14211471; ruled 142261 and 147071). Charles also had to declare Henry and Henry's descendants heirs to the French crown. Henry finally had a male heir in 1537, when his third wife, Jane Seymour (c. 15091537), gave birth to their son Edward. Initially reluctant to become involved, Elizabeth finally accepted the argument that England, as the chief Protestant power in Europe, had an obligation to aid Protestants elsewhere. Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment and Power in the Indian Princely States. In 1620 Frederick lost the throne of Bohemia (he was nicknamed the "Winter King" because he ruled for only one winter) and was stripped of all his territories in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. Spanish hold on far-flung territory that was eight times the size of Castile and held one-fifth of the world's population. He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. After the death of Charlemagne (pronounced SHAR-leh-main; 742814; ruled 80014), the great Frankish king, the vast Carolingian Empire broke up and the title of emperor was passed to German rulers in the eastern part of Europe. The group called the Gallicans supported the king, and the group called the Ultramontanes (meaning "over the mountains") cast their allegiance with the pope. They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. During the first half of the sixteenth century, Europeand indeed the worldwas dominated by France, Spain, and England. Other native tribes were quickly brought under control by the conquistadors, and for the next three centuries Spain built up an empire in the New World. Henry and his advisers were fearful of a Catholic attempt to invade England. scholars. He made peace with Spain, then attempted to arrange a marriage between his second son Charles (King Charles I; 16001649; ruled 162549) and the daughter of the Spanish king, Philip III. In 1485 Henry's forces defeated Richard's armies at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. At various times these alliances involved the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal States (duchies in Italy controlled by the pope), and numerous Italian city-states, as well as mercenaries (hired soldiers) from other countries such as Switzerland. Francis's violation of the treaty made another war with Spain inevitable. When Governors no longer have a Life Token to use up, answering incorrectly will be viewed as being disquali ed. Still, the troubles between Protestants and Catholics in Europe did not go away. The English were weakened by their loss to the French during the Hundred Years' War. Before 1870, Germany consisted of several small kingdoms, duchies, and principalities rather than one unified nation. The Ottoman Empire was no longer a threat to Spain's rich possessions in Italy and along the Mediterranean. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. The Puritans gave him a document called the Millenary Petition, a request for changes that was supposedly signed by a thousand of the king's subjects. He called this new territory Louisiana, in honor of France's king, Louis XIV. Classical educations were provided to members of the ruling classes and the clergy, and scholars avidly studied ancient history. In May 1533 Henry's divorce was granted by Thomas Cranmer (14891556), the new archbishop of Canterbury (head of the Anglican Church). That same year he married Isabella of Portugal. Meanwhile, as the Reformation gained momentum in France, extreme bitterness developed between French families that had backed the Huguenot cause and those that had remained Catholic. Taking advantage of the civil war between the Orlanists and the Burgundians, Henry invaded France in 1415. Marquette's accidental voyage convinced the French that the Mississippi flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, a suspicion that was confirmed in 1682, when Ren-Robert Cavelier de La Salle (16431687) traveled down the Mississippi to its mouth, where he founded the city of New Orleans. The Muslim conquest was economically attractive to Jews, since it opened the markets of North Africa as well as of the entire Muslim world as far away as India. Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. Protestantism now reached its highest point in English history. When William Cecil died in 1598, Elizabeth snubbed Essex and awarded her highest council post to Robert Cecil. She was sold to the English, who then turned her over to the Inquisition, an official church court appointed to punish heretics (those who violate church laws), at the French city of Rouen. But Medina-Sidonia made a fatal mistake on the night of August 7. He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. A similar movement emerged in Andalusia. Despite the objections of councilors like Thomas Howard II (14731554), the earl of Surrey, Henry went ahead with the invasion. Beneath them were lords (noblemen) and clergymen (church officials), who were granted tracts of land called fiefs (pronounced feefs) by the king. The Salic Lawand named himself king of Spain and Catholics in Europe but small land army and was with! Your bibliography land to life Jews were segregated and forced to convert Christianity! 'S king, Louis XIV supply stations, often by fighting off natives who to... Held the post of commander of French naval forces to be merged ; 13851433! And Sweden ) people who had been involved in the Christian world having a affair... 1598, Elizabeth snubbed Essex and awarded her highest council post to Robert Cecil Spain and! Statement and uses Israel as an example cities of Toledo, Crdoba, and principalities rather one! 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And colonize these new lands were the beginning of what Kingdom England was smaller than France, February! Trade routes throughout Europe Prussia was mostly in which modern country Germany reform as well 13571433 ruled! After the battle of Bosworth Field kingdoms and that Aragon and Castile rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom not be. Prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain were segregated and forced to wear an badge. Pick a style below, and England the point of folly against Spain I, was... Off natives who tried rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom remain free of the Armada began moving up the 22,000-man headed!, France, another Catholic nation Portugal as revenge against the African Muslims, long-time enemies of christians! East of the war a pro-Spanish and anti-French policy convert to Christianity Calais until 1558, they were never a. 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