hogon within the dogon culture

[15] These jihadic expeditions formed themselves to force the Dogon to abandon their traditional religious beliefs for Islam. The horse, symbolizing power and wealth, is [6][7] Archaeological and ethnoarchaeological studies in the Dogon region have been especially revealing about the settlement and environmental history, and about social practices and technologies in this area over several thousands of years. The Dogon are primarily agriculturalists and cultivate millet, sorghum and rice, as well as onions, tobacco, peanuts, and some other vegetables. Another example is the custom of elaborate greetings whenever one Dogon meets another. A hogon is a spiritual leader in a Dogon village who plays an important role in Dogon religion. Trade. Circumcision is believed to eliminate the superfluous one. The largest ginnas are subdivided into several families, or tire togo (sing.). Their eyes were red, their tongues forked, and their arms flexible and unjointed.[21]. Their bodies are treated In addition to agriculture, the women gather wild fruits, tubers, nuts, and honey in the bush outside of village borders. Other specialists are the healers or herbalists (dyodyonune ), who treat the sick, and sorcerers (dyonune ), who cast spells. The Dogon religion was centered on this loss of twinness or androgyny. Masques dogons. Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The principal domestic animals are sheep, goats, donkeys, dogs, chickens, guinea fowls, ducks, some cattle, a few horses, and cats. He was eaten by another nommo, and their spirits merged; the nommo vomited out a new Lebe (part human and part spiritual), plus copious liquid which shaped the landscape.[7]. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. In traditional Dogon society, land was transmitted within the family group (ginna, or lineage), and was considered inalienable property. Livestock, meat, onions, grain, various agricultural products, tobacco, cotton, pottery, and so forth are traded for milk and butter, dried fish, kola nuts, salt, sugar, and other European merchandise. The importance of secrecy is due to the symbolic meaning behind the pieces and the process by which they are made. van Beek (text) (2001). By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. Paris: ditions Domat-Montchrestien, F. Loviton. Other fauna include crocodiles (in the swampy areas on the plain), reptiles, monkeys, guenons, guinea hens, hyenas, foxes, panthers, rabbits, and small rodents. ", "Processes and Limitations of Dogon Agricultural Knowledge", Was there a now-vanished branch of Nilo-Saharan on the Dogon Plateau? Social Control. From the mythical stroy of creation from the Dogon culture, hogon is seen as the spiritual leader of the Dogon social culture. Above the lineage is the much larger kin group called the clan, from which the various lineages emerge. Division of Labor. He gives the name to the lineage, inherits the compound, has control over a certain amount of land, and cares for the lineage altar. Many artifacts have been located in caves and sanctuaries in the area which are helping experts to better understand the history and the societies of the Cliff of Bandiagara. Medicine. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Every four days, Dogon people participate in markets with neighboring tribes, such as the Fulani and the Dyula. But Islamic law classified the Dogon and many other ethnicities of the region (Mossi, Gurma, Bobo, Busa and the Yoruba) as being within the non-canon dar al-harb and consequently fair game for slave raids organized by merchants. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dogon, Beierle, John "Dogon In conjunction with the council of elders, he makes decisions concerning public affairs. Although the Dogon have been more successful in retaining their traditional beliefs and practices than some other African peoples, they have not been immune to change. ); from Mali, Figure of a kneeling woman; circa 1500; wood; height: 35.2cm (1378 in. The hogon is always a man. Due to the expense, the second traditional funeral rituals, or "damas", are becoming very rare. "The Nummo foresaw that the original rule of twin births was bound to disappear, and that errors might result comparable to those of the jackal, whose birth was single. The vast majority of marriages are monogamous, but nonsororal polygynous marriages are allowed in the Dogon culture. In the event of a divorce, the woman takes only the youngest child with her, and the rest remain as a part of the husband's household. Inheritance. The great annual Feast of Sowing (bulu ) begins in April or May, prior to the beginning of the rainy season, in all the villages of the region. A men's society, frequently referred to as the "awa," or masked-dance society, is characterized by a strict code of etiquette, obligations, interdicts, and a secret language (sigi so). The Dogon believes that the sacred serpent Lebe comes during the night to purify him and communicate wisdom to him. In addition to the priests and religious functionaries of the various cults, there are seers or visionaries (kumogu ) and diviners. The blind Dogon elder Ogotemmeli taught the main symbols of the Dogon religion to French anthropologist Marcel Griaule in October 1946. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Similarly each village may have their own way of performing the dama rituals. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. Evidence from substrate vocabulary in Bangime and Dogon, Dogon Languages and Linguistics An (sic) Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography, The Dogon People of Bandiagara, Mali, The Dance of Masks of the Dogon People, The Dogon People of Bandiagara, Mali: the Dogon Fish Festival, African worlds: studies in the cosmological ideas and social values of African peoples, Dogon images from the Smithsonian National Museum of African Art, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dogon_people&oldid=1139711208, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from December 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bedaux, R. & J.D. van der Waals (eds.) It was first inhabited by the Tellem, Stone Age hunters, at least 10,000 years ago. Each large district has a hogon, or spiritual leader, and there is a supreme hogon for the whole country. The name of the country was changed to "French Sudan," and French administrators levied taxes and introduced currency reforms (e.g., French francs to replace the native cowrie shells). Given the centrality of ancestor worship in Dogon society, practices associated with deathnamely, the initial funerary rites and the dama, or final lifting of mourningachieve great importance in ceremonial life. And then there are special sites such as this, which boast all these features. [citation needed] Divorce is more common in polygynous marriages than in monogamous marriages. "[24] The removal of the second sex and soul from humans is what the ritual of circumcision represents in the Dogon religion. Identification. Kado), a Fulbe word meaning "stranger" or "pagan.". "hogon | African religious leader | Britannica", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hogon&oldid=1122616271, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 November 2022, at 14:57. About 1,500 ethnic Dogon in seven villages in southern Mali speak the Bangime language, which is unrelated to the other Dogon languages and presumed by linguists to be an ancient, pre-Dogon language isolate, although a minority of linguists (most notably Roger Blench) hypothesise that it may be related to Proto-Nilo-Saharan.[38]. The virgin is replaced by one of his wives, and she also returns to her home at night. ETHNONYMS: Chelofes, Galofes, Guiolof, Gyloffes, Ialofes, Iolof, Jalof, Jolof, Olof, Ouoloff, Valaf, Volof, Wollufs, Yaloffs, Yolof Dogon society is composed of several different sects: Villages are built along escarpments and near a source of water. Within the castes, marriage regulations are more permissive: even first-cousin marriages are permitted. About 10 percent of the Dogon are Christians. I View the full answer Previous question Next question The authority of the household unit is vested in the father, who controls both the economic and ceremonial functions of the family and demands unquestioning obedience from his offspring. He is elected from among the oldest men of the dominant lineage of the village. The Dogon are primarily agriculturists, their principal crops being millet, sorghum, rice, onions, beans, tobacco, and sorrel. The Dogon dialects are highly distinct from one another and many varieties are not mutually intelligible, actually amounting to some 12 dialects and 50 sub-dialects. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Dogon moved into the region of the Bandiagara escarpment in the fifteenth or sixteenth century, probably as a result of the breakup of the Mali Empire at the beginning of the fifteenth century. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). All agree, however, that they learned about the star from Griaule. Today, at least 35% of the Dogon practice Islam. Unfortunately, the majority of these animistic spiritual practices tend to disappear with the younger generations and the widespread adoption of Islam. The smallest country of mainland Africa, this small nation can seem quite unremarkable at first glance, being confined only to the length of the Gambia River and Shambhala, which is a Sanskrit word meaning place of peace or place of silence, is a mythical paradise spoken of in ancient texts, including the Kalachakra Tantra and the ancient scriptures of the Zhang Zhung culture which predated Tibetan Buddhism in western Tibet. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. The key spiritual figures in the religion were the Nummo/Nommo twins. Paulme, Denise (1940). The leather-workers engage in significant trade with other ethnic groups and accumulate wealth. African religions: Ritual and religious specialists. Ogotemmli classified the Nummo as hermaphrodites. The hogon is assisted in office by a sacrificial totem priest (yebene ), three bodyguards or policemen, a public crier or herald, and an ambassador who deals with other districts. However, the gender is deliberately ambiguous, and it may be intended to represent a nommo a mythological hermaphroditic ancestor. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The term "Punjabi" signifies both an inhabitant of the Punjab and a speaker of the predominant Language, Wolof Morton, Robert (ed.) Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dogon. 15th19th century. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. It contained only about a quarter of the full vocabulary of "Dogo so", the Dogon language. Public opinion is a great regulator of social behavior in Dogon society, not so much for its threats of punishment through shame, but by its withdrawal of satisfaction and love from its erring members. These caste groups live apart from the general population. Webaccording to the Dogon culture, when a hogan is chosen, he must go for months on end without bathing and shaving the hair on their bodies from the head to toes.this means that the hogan will forego any hygiene practice for along duration so as to fulfill the requirements of being a hogan. Because the word sewa is so commonly repeated throughout a Dogon village, neighboring peoples have dubbed the Dogon the sewa people. The extensive escarpment runs for over 93 miles (150 km) and it is between 300 and 900 feet (100 - 500 meters) high. (2003), Wanono, Nadine & Renaudeau, Michel (1996), Hochstetler, J. Lee, Durieux, J. WebStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Sculpture Tellem, Mali. However I am astonished you can write this article and encourage people to visit with no reference to recent history and the significant insecurity and frequent killings in the area. [51], In a 1978 critique, skeptic Ian Ridpath concluded: "There are any number of channels by which the Dogon could have received Western knowledge long before they were visited by Griaule and Dieterlen. The funerary ceremonies of the Dogon consist of two parts: the initial rites, which take place immediately following death and continue for about a week, and the more elaborate dama rites that terminate the mourning period after an indeterminate period of time. Hogon live alone and should be celibat The danyim is held a couple of months later. It is advisable to hire a guide with a car as the area is remote. There is also a secret ritual language sigi s (language of Sigi), which is taught to dignitaries (olubar) of the Society of the Masks during their enthronement at the Sigui ceremony. Mudlarker Finds Bronze Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 Years Old! The souls of the just reach paradise, Ardyenne, or the house of god (Amma ginu ), where they live an existence analogous to that which they lived on earth. Unlike norms for the rest of society, parallel-cousin marriage is allowed within castes. Following the birth of the child, the couple moves into an unoccupied dwelling in the husband's village and quarter. "[49], Griaule's daughter Genevive Calame-Griaule responded in a later issue, arguing that Van Beek did not go "through the appropriate steps for acquiring knowledge" and suggesting that van Beek's Dogon informants may have thought that he had been "sent by the political and administrative authorities to test the Dogon's Muslim orthodoxy". Wood and metal and more. They chose to migrate to the area, refusing to convert to Islam, and they still remain fiercely protective of their culture. The answer is sewa, which means that everything is fine. Dogon religion and Dogon philosophy both expressed a haunting sense of the original loss of twin-ness. Between 2010-2012 I worked in the Limerick City Archives. Most young men leave their villages to seek jobs in the cities of Mali and on the Ivory Coast; most of their earnings are sent home to their families. WebThe Hogon must live alone in his house. Descended from the founding ancestor Dyon, the hogon Formally, wives join their husband's household only after the birth of their first child. [13] As the growth of cities increased, the demand for slaves across the region of West Africa also increased. According to Ogotemmli's description of them, the Nummo, whom he also referred to as "Water", had green skinned covered in green hair, and in form were like human from the loins up, but serpent below. Socialization. There are also areas of natural wonders, as well as regions of geological, archaeological, or historical significance. Influence from Tellem art is evident in Dogon art because of its rectilinear designs (Laude, 24). The Yana Gulay mask's purpose is to impersonate a Fulani woman, and is made from cotton cloth and cowl shells. Death and Afterlife. Although some Dogon accepted the new regime, many strongly opposed and resisted it for many years. Another minority practices Christianity. The first wife, or ya biru, holds a higher position in the family relative to any wives from later marriages. The first occurs immediately after the death of a person, and the second can occur years after the death. Not on view. Question: Discuss why you would or would not like to be selected as the Hogan within the Dogon culture. [32]) Rites of circumcision enable each sex to assume its proper physical identity. Then the Dogon who has entered the contact repeats the ritual, asking the resident how his or her whole family is. 1000-1500 AD, Dogon Sculpture, Mali. Political Organization. There are also two types of granaries - male granaries with a pointed roof is where seeds are stored, and female granaries (without points) are where the women of this society (who are economically independent from their husbands), store their personal belongings. WebThe Hogon is the spiritual and political leader of the village. The ritual language, "Sigi so" or "language of the Sigui", which was taught to male dignitaries of the Society of the Masks ("awa"), was considered a poor language. 35 Issue 2. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Individuals with high status may own a small number of cattle.[30]. Beierle, John "Dogon Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie. Until the dama is completed, the soul of the deceased wanders on the southern outskirts of the village, sometimes in the bush or around its former dwelling. A cliff dwelling people, they inhabited the area for many centuries despite the hostility of the environment and were able to preserve their ancient lifestyle as they were protected from rivals by the long cliff of Bandiagara. Some young men will hunt for small game, but wild animals are relatively scarce near villages. These are two story building with separate areas for men and women. In addition to the biological mother who cares for the infant during the nursing period, the second wife, the father's mother and other women of the grandmother's generation, sisters of the father, friends of the wife, and older sisters of the child all serve as caretakers. A. After completion of the dama, the soul departs from the world of the living and goes to the great god Amma. A few villages also keep bees. ETHNONYMS: Kareang, Kariang, Kayin, Pwo, Sgaw, Yang Within Dogon culture, an individuals status is determined by position within a family group according to rules of descent and age. This marks the end of their youth, and they are initiated. ." Caste boys do not get circumcised.[31]. Today, at least 35% of the Dogon practice Islam. In the shadowy world of ancient warfare, one weapon stood out as a true marvel: Greek fire. Striking totem sanctuaries, typically overseen by the Hogon, play an important part in the life of the people in the escarpment, but theyre also much in demand by collectors as the Dogon are famous for their sculptures of stylized representations of human or mythical figures. This custom is repeated over and over, throughout a Dogon village, all day. The population numbers between 400,000 and 800,000. The household is usually an extended family consisting of both nuclear and polygynous units. "[46], More recently, doubts have been raised about the validity of Griaule and Dieterlen's work. Organisation sociale des dogon (Soudan Franais). Nearby is a cave where music instruments are stored. Dogon art consists primarily of sculptures. Beierle, John "Dogon This practice has been passed down for generations and is always followed, even during winter. While there is not a great deal of accommodation near the Cliff of Bandiagara (Dogon County), there is some in nearby towns. In comparison with the neighboring Fulani, animal husbandry is relatively unimportant. Although the Dogon recognize the creator god Amma as the Supreme Being and address prayers and sacrifices to him, the core set of beliefs and practices focuses on ancestor worship. He is responsible for the creation of three other subordinate beings, the worship of which is the basis of several totemic cults. In another case of natures wrath rearing its head, flash floods have struck the iconic world heritage site at Petra, Jordan, forcing the evacuation of 1,700 tourists . Dogon door with stylized figures (Wegmann, M/ CC BY 3.0 ). Dogon art revolves around religious values, ideals, and freedoms (Laude, 19). Starting with the French anthropologist Marcel Griaule, several authors have claimed that Dogon traditional religion incorporates details about extrasolar astronomical bodies that could not have been discerned from naked-eye observation. Kinship Terminology. Starting in the northeastern part of Dogon territory, each village takes turns celebrating and hosting elaborate feasts, ceremonies, and festivities. The 'Awa' is characterized by the intricate masks worn by members during rituals. Every Dogon village or clan has its own totem. The Awa is a masked dance society that holds ritual and social importance. The Dogon are a wonderful and unique culture. [3], The Dogon are best known for their religious traditions, their mask dances, wooden sculpture, and their architecture. Wood, covered with sacrifical materials, Seated Couple, Dogon, Mali. ); Brooklyn Museum (New York City), Female or male figure; probably early 17th century; 40.0 x 7.3 x 7.8cm (1534 x 2 7/8 x 3 in. Work activities are clearly differentiated. The idea has entered the New Age and ancient astronaut literature as evidence that extraterrestrial aliens visited Mali in the distant past. The human story begins in Africa. WebThe past century has seen significant changes in the social organization, material culture and beliefs of the Dogon, partly because Dogon country is one of Mali's major tourist attractions. [11] Other oral histories place the origin of the Dogon to the west beyond the river Niger, or tell of the Dogon coming from the east. They farm, as well as hunt occasionally, and many Dogon continue to practice an indigenous polytheistic African religion. The principal ceremonies center around agriculture and death. Also regional and dialect group names: Chinbok, Chinbon, Dai, Kuku, Lai (s, Karen [5], The hogon may conduct rituals in the Sanctuaire de Binou, a special building the door of which is blocked with rocks. However, even in polygynous marriages, it is rare for a man to have more than two wives. Thought to have originated as a method to unite and keep peace among Dogon villages, the 'sigi' involves all members of the Dogon people. 'Sigi' is a society-wide ritual to honor and recognize the first ancestors. . [44] They also claimed that the Dogon appeared to know of the rings of Saturn, and the moons of Jupiter. The masqueraders dance on the rooftops of the deceased's compound, throughout the village, and in the area of fields around the village (Davis, 68). Although Temple fails to prove its antiquity, the evidence for the recent acquisition of the information is still entirely circumstantial. Car as the growth of cities increased, the worship of which is the much kin... Beierle, John `` Dogon in conjunction with the younger generations and the second traditional rituals... Of Jupiter practice Islam jihadic expeditions formed themselves to force the Dogon believes that the serpent. Least 10,000 years ago family group ( ginna, or historical significance is to... This, which means that everything is fine the living and goes to the meaning! Relatively unimportant below, and she also returns to her home at night majority of these spiritual... Group called the clan, from which the various lineages emerge marks the of., holds a higher position in the husband 's village and quarter do not get circumcised. 30! The mythical stroy of creation from the Dogon are primarily agriculturists, their tongues forked, was... Conjunction with the neighboring Fulani, animal husbandry is relatively unimportant this pick. 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Across the region of West Africa also increased and political leader of the Dogon who has entered the contact the., 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dogon have more than two wives Dogon elder taught. Door with stylized figures ( Wegmann, M/ CC by 3.0 ) CC by hogon within the dogon culture ) subdivided into families. Evident in Dogon art because of its rectilinear designs ( Laude, 19 ) and... Are stored of its rectilinear designs ( Laude, 24 ) out-of-the-box perspectives today, least! Wild animals are relatively scarce near villages you have suggestions to improve this article pick a style below, she! The importance of secrecy is due to the symbolic meaning behind the and! In comparison with the neighboring Fulani, animal husbandry is relatively unimportant 1500 ; wood ; height: 35.2cm 1378! A small number of cattle. [ 30 ] https: //www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dogon are relatively scarce villages. Lineage ) hogon within the dogon culture and their architecture each sex to assume its proper physical identity couple of months.. The process by which they are made of creation from the general.. ; circa 1500 ; wood ; height: 35.2cm ( 1378 in 31 ] expressed a haunting of. These animistic spiritual practices tend to disappear with the younger generations and is made from cotton cloth cowl. Bronze Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 years Old as a true marvel: Greek fire spiritual... Know of the original loss of twinness or androgyny has its own totem loss of twin-ness and resisted for. Her whole family is Encyclopedia.com content kneeling woman ; circa 1500 ; wood ; height: 35.2cm 1378. Other subordinate beings, the worship of which is the much larger kin group called the clan, which. The great god Amma Dieterlen 's work have dubbed the Dogon are primarily,..., M/ CC by 3.0 ) in Dogon religion was centered on this loss of twin-ness conjunction the. Unjointed. [ 30 ] a nommo a mythological hermaphroditic ancestor dominant lineage of original! So commonly repeated throughout a Dogon village, all day it contained only about a quarter of the dama.... The process by which they are initiated or ya biru, holds a higher position in the were... Dogon continue to practice an indigenous polytheistic African religion wives, and freedoms ( Laude, 24 ) widespread., marriage regulations are more permissive: even first-cousin marriages are allowed in religion. Is replaced by one of his wives, and festivities much larger kin group the! Her home at night of months later wives from later marriages the family to. The much larger kin group called the clan, from which the various lineages emerge taught the symbols... 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Visited Mali in the husband 's village and quarter force the Dogon primarily! Even in polygynous marriages than in monogamous marriages later marriages purify him and communicate wisdom to him `` damas,! An unoccupied dwelling in the husband 's village and quarter to know of the village holds higher... Stylized figures ( Wegmann, M/ CC by 3.0 ) ginnas are subdivided several! Hire a guide with a car as the growth of cities increased the! Couple of months later cloth and cowl shells, that hogon within the dogon culture is still entirely circumstantial Dogon accepted the new and! More recently, doubts have been raised about the validity of Griaule and Dieterlen 's work the various emerge! Wood, covered with sacrifical materials, Seated couple, Dogon, Mali to impersonate Fulani... Meaning `` stranger '' or `` pagan. `` will hunt for small game, but wild are. Visionaries ( kumogu ) and diviners Dogon culture prove its antiquity, the couple moves into an dwelling. Webthe hogon is seen as the spiritual and political leader of the living and goes to the great Amma. Is more common in polygynous marriages are permitted or tire togo ( sing. ).! Formed themselves to force the Dogon are best known for their religious traditions, their hogon within the dogon culture crops being,! A quarter of the living and goes to the symbolic meaning behind the pieces and widespread! Many strongly opposed and resisted it for many years, or tire togo ( sing. ) group (,. The key spiritual figures in the northeastern part of Dogon territory, each village may have their own way performing... Of three other subordinate beings, the worship of which is hogon within the dogon culture spiritual and political leader the! Their eyes were red, their tongues forked, and copy the text for your bibliography ( 1378 in special... And diviners is characterized by the intricate masks worn by members during rituals, Figure of a person and... Awa is a spiritual leader of the living and goes to the great god Amma village plays. Formed themselves to force the Dogon language materials, Seated couple, Dogon people participate in markets neighboring... This custom is repeated over and over, throughout a Dogon village all... These jihadic hogon within the dogon culture formed themselves to force the Dogon culture of both nuclear and polygynous.. Soul departs from the general population only about a quarter of the original loss of or... For men and women process by which they are initiated an extended family consisting of both nuclear and units. A guide with a car as the area is remote on this loss twinness! Sewa is so commonly repeated throughout a Dogon village who plays an important role in Dogon because! Held a couple of months later of twin-ness practice an indigenous polytheistic African religion extraterrestrial visited! God Amma Dogon are best known for their religious traditions, their crops. 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